Instrument FAA H 8261 1A Procedures Handbook MANUAL

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Instrument FAA H 8261 1A Procedures Handbook MANUAL – PDF DOWNLOAD

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Instrument FAA H 8261 1A Procedures Handbook MANUAL – PDF DOWNLOAD

• This handbook supercedes FAA-H-8261-1, Instrument Procedures Handbook, dated 2004. It is designed as a technical reference for professional pilots who operate under instrument flight rules (IFR) in the National Airspace System (NAS). It expands on information contained in the FAA-H-8083-15, Instrument Flying Handbook, and introduces advanced information for IFR operations.
• Instrument flight instructors, instrument pilots, and instrument students will also find this handbook a valuable resource since it is used as a reference for the Airline Transport Pilot and Instrument Knowledge Tests and for the Practical Test Standards. It also provides detailed coverage of instrument charts and procedures including IFR takeoff, departure, en route, arrival, approach, and landing. Safety information covering relevant subjects such as runway incursion, land and hold short operations, controlled flight into terrain, and human factors issues also are included.
• This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. Where a term is defined in the text, it is shown in blue. Terms and definitions are also located in Appendix C. The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used instrument procedures. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical.
• The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve pilots of their responsibility imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). It is essential for persons using this handbook to also become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The CFR, AIM, this handbook, AC 00.2-15, Advisory Circular Checklist, which transmits the current status of FAA advisory circulars, and other FAA technical references are available via the Internet at the FAA Home Page http://www.faa.gov.
• Information regarding the purchase of FAA subscription products such as charts, Airport/Facility Directory, and other publications can be accessed at http://www.naco.faa.gov/. Comments regarding this handbook should be sent to [email protected] or U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Procedure Standards Branch, AFS-420, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following individuals and their organizations are gratefully acknowledged for their valuable contribution and commitment to the publication of this handbook: FAA: Project Manager–Steve Winter; Assistant Project Manager–Lt Col Paul McCarver (USAF); Program Analyst–Alan Brown;
• Chief Editor–Fran Chaffin; Legal Review–Mike Webster; Subject Matter Experts–Dean Alexander, John Bickerstaff, Barry Billmann, Larry Buehler, Dan Burdette, Jack Corman, Dave Eckles, Gary Harkness, Hooper Harris, Harry Hodges, John Holman, Bob Hlubin, Gerry Holtorf, Steve Jackson, Scott Jerdan, Alan Jones, Norm Le Fevre, Barry Miller, John Moore, T. J. Nichols, Jim Nixon, Dave Olsen, Don Pate, Gary Powell, Phil Prasse, Larry Ramirez, Mark Reisweber, Dave Reuter, Jim Seabright, Eric Secretan, Ralph Sexton, Tom Schneider, Lou Volchansky, Mike Webb, and Mike Werner. Jeppesen:
• Project Managers–Pat Willits, James W. Powell, and Dick Snyder; Technical Editors–Dave Schoeman and Chuck Stout; Media Manager–Rich Hahn; Artists–Paul Gallaway and Pat Brogan. NOTICE The U.S. Govt. does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this handbook.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Instrument FAA H 8261 1A Procedures Handbook MANUAL – PDF DOWNLOAD

Chapter 1 — IFR Operations in the National
Airspace System
Brief History of the National Airspace System . . . .1-2
National Airspace System Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-3
RNAV Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
System Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
Accident Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-5
Runway Incursion Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
System Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Takeoffs and Landings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Air Traffic Control System Command Center . . .1-6
How the System Components Work Together . . .1-7
Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
Airlines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-8
Corporate and Fractionals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
General Aviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
ATC Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-9
Air Route Traffic Control Center . . . . . . . . . .1-10
Terminal Radar Approach Control . . . . . . . .1-10
Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
Flight Service Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
Flight Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-10
Release Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
Expect Departure Clearance Time . . . . . . . . .1-11
Managing Safety and Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11
System Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
Application of Area Navigation . . . . . . . . . . .1-11
RNAV IFR Terminal Transition Routes .1-12
Required Navigation Performance . . . . .1-13
Global Positioning System . . . . . . . . . . .1-15
GPS-Based Helicopter Operations . . . . .1-16
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums . . . .1-16
FAA Radar Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-16
Airport Surveillance Radar . . . . . . . . . . .1-16
Air Route Surveillance Radar . . . . . . . . .1-17
Precision Runway Monitoring . . . . . . . .1-17
Equipment and Avionics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-18
ATC Radar Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-18
Automated Radar Terminal System . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-18
Standard Terminal Automation Replacement System 1-18
Precision Approach Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19
Bright Radar Indicator Terminal Equipment . . . . . 1-19
Radar Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-19
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-20
Data Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-20
Mode S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-20
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-20
Traffic Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-21
Terrain Awareness and Warning System . . . .1-21
Graphical Weather Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-21
Avionics and Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-22
Flight Management System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-22
Electronic Flight Information System . . . . . . . .1-22
Navigation Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-22
Surveillance Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-23
Operational Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
IFR Slots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
Ground Delay Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-24
Flow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-25
Land and Hold Short Operations . . . . . . . . . .1-25
Surface Movement Guidance and
Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-25
Expect Changes in the ATC System . . . . . . .1-26
Disseminating Aeronautical Information . . . . . . . . 1-26
Publication Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-26
Aeronautical Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-27
Notice to Airmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-30
Navigation Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-32
Chapter 2 — Takeoffs and Departures
Safety in the Departure Environment . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Surface Movement Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Airport Sketches and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Airport/Facility Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Surface Movement Guidance Control System .2-2
Airport Signage/Lighting/Markings . . . . . . . .2-3
Runway Incursions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Runway Hotspots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
Standardized Taxi Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
Runway Safety Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6
Takeoff Minimums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-6
Takeoff Minimums for Commercial Operators . .2-8
Operations Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Head-Up Guidance System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
CONTENTS
IV
Ceiling and Visibility Requirements . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Runway Visual Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Runway Visibility Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Prevailing Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Tower Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Adequate Visual Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Automated Weather Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-9
Automatic Terminal Information
Service and Digital ATIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-10
IFR Alternate Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-11
Alternate Minimums for Commercial Operators 2-12
Departure Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12
Design Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-12
Airport Runway Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-17
SID Versus DP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-17
Obstacle Departure Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-18
Flight Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . .2-18
Standard Instrument Departures . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-19
Pilot NAV and Vector SIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-21
Flight Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . .2-22
Procedural Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22
DP Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-22
Procedures Assigned by ATC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-26
Procedures Not Assigned by ATC . . . . . . . . . . .2-26
Departures from Tower-Controlled Airports . . .2-26
Departures from Airports without an
Operating Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-27
Ground Communications Outlets . . . . . . . . .2-27
Obstacle Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-27
Climb Gradients and Climb Rates . . . . . . . . .2-27
See and Avoid Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-27
Area Navigation Departures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-28
RNAV Departure Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-28
Pilot Responsibility for Use of RNAV
Departures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-30
Radar Departure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34
Diverse Vector Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34
VFR Departure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34
Noise Abatement Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-34
Chapter 3 — En Route Operations
En Route Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Air Route Traffic Control Centers . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Preferred IFR Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Substitute En Route Flight Procedures . . . . . . . . .3-3
Tower En Route Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
Airway and Route System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
Monitoring of Navigation Facilities . . . . . . . .3-4
LF Airways/Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
VHF Airways/Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
VHF En Route Obstacle Clearance Areas . . . .3-6
Primary Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-6
Secondary Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
NAVAID Service Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-9
Navigational Gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-10
Changeover Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
IFR En Route Altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-12
Minimum En Route Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Minimum Obstruction Clearance Altitude . . . . .3-13
Minimum Vectoring Altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Minimum Reception Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Minimum Crossing Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-13
Maximum Authorized Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16
IFR Cruising Altitude or Flight Level . . . . . . . .3-16
Lowest Usable Flight Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-16
Operations in Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
Reporting Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
Nonradar Position Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-17
Communication Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Climbing and Descending En Route. . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20
Pilot/Controller Expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-20
Aircraft Speed and Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-22
Holding Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23
ATC Holding Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-23
Maximum Holding Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-24
High Performance Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-25
Fuel State Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-25
Diversion Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26
En Route RNAV Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26
Off Airway Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-26
Direct Flights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-27
Random RNAV Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-27
Off Route Obstacle Clearance Altitude . . . . . . .3-28
Published RNAV Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31
Composition of Designators . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-31
Use of Designators in Communications . . . .3-32
RNAV Minimum En Route Altitude . . . . . . . . .3-33
Minimum IFR Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-33
WayPoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-34
User-Defined Waypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-34
Floating Waypoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-34
Computer Navigation Fixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-35
High Altitude Airspace Redesign . . . . . . . . . . . .3-35
V
VI
Q Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
Non-Restrictive Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
Navigation Reference System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
T-Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
IFR Transition Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-36
Required Navigation Performance . . . . . . . . . . .3-37
Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums . . . . . .3-38
Chapter 4 — Arrivals
Transition From En Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Top of Descent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Descent Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
Cruise Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Holding Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Descending from the En Route Altitude . . . . . . .4-5
Approach Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
Present Position Direct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
Radar Vectors to Final Approach Course . . . . . . . . .4-6
High Performance Airplane Arrivals . . . . . . . . . . .4-11
Airspeed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-11
Controlled Flight into Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-12
Arrival Navigation Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-13
Standard Terminal Arrival Routes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
Interpreting the STAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-15
Vertical Navigation Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-18
Arrival Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19
Preparing for the Arrival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19
Reviewing the Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-19
Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-21
RNAV STARS or STAR Transitions . . . . . . . . .4-22
Special Airport Qualification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-26
Chapter 5 — Approaches
Approach Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Weather Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Weather Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
Broadcast Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4
Automatic Terminal Information Service . . . . . . .5-4
Automated Weather Observing Programs . . . . . .5-4
Center Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4
Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4
Part 91 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-4
Part 135 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5
Part 121 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5
Performance Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-5
Airplane Performance Operating Limitations . . . . .5-6
Approach Speed and Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7
Operational Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7
Approach Chart Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-7
Approach Chart Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . .5-8
Straight-In Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8
Circling Only Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-8
Area Navigation Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-10
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-12
Approach Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-12
Air Route Traffic Control Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-13
Airports With an Air Traffic
Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-13
Airports Without an Air Traffic
Control Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-14
Primary NAVAID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15
Approach Chart Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-15
Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-16
Area Navigation Courses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-17
Altitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-17
Minimum Safe Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-18
Final Approach Fix Altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-18
Minimum Descent Altitude,
Decision Altitude, and Decision Height . . . .5-18
Vertical Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-20
Wide Area Augmentation System . . . . . . . . . . .5-20
Required Navigation Performance . . . . . . . . . . .5-23
RNAV Approach Authorization . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-23
Airport/Runway Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-26
Instrument Approach Procedure Briefing . . . . . . . . 5-26
Navigation and Communication Radios . . . . . . .5-26
Flight Management Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-28
Autopilot Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-28
Stabilized Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-30
Descent Rates and Glidepaths for
Nonprecision Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-31
Transition to Visual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-31
Missed Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-32
Example Approach Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-33
Instrument Approach Procedure Segments. . . . . . . 5-36
Feeder Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-37
Terminal Routes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-38
DME Arcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-38
Course Reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-38
Initial Approach Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-40
Intermediate Approach Segment . . . . . . . . . . . .5-41
Final Approach Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-41
Missed Approach Segment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-42
Approach Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-42
Vectors to Final Approach Course . . . . . . . . . . .5-42
Nonradar Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-43
Types of Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-43
Visual and Contact Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-43
Visual Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-43
Contact Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-44
Charted Visual Flight Procedures . . . . . . . . .5-44
RNAV Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-44
Terminal Arrival Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-45
RNAV Final Approach Design
Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-46
GPS Overlay of Nonprecision
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-48
GPS Stand-Alone/RNAV (GPS)
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-48
RNAV (GPS) Approach Using
WAAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-49
ILS Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-50
ILS Approach Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-50
Category II and III Approaches . . . . . . . . . . .5-50
ILS Approaches to Parallel Runways . . . . . . . . .5-52
Parallel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-52
Simultaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-52
Precision Runway Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
Sinultaneous Offset Instrument
Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-56
Converging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-56
Microwave Landing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-56
VOR Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-59
NDB Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-60
Radar Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-61
Precision Approach Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-62
Airport Surveillance Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-63
Localizer Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-63
Localizer and Localizer DME . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-64
Localizer Back Course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-65
Localizer-Type Directional Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-65
Simplified Directional Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-66
Chapter 6 — System Improvement Plans
Fleet Improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-1
Electronic Flight Bag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-2
Increasing Capacity and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Increasing the Departure/Arrival Rate . . . . . . . . .6-4
More Runways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-4
Surface Traffic Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5
Terminal Airspace Redesign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-5
Separation Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-6
Maintaining Runway Use in Reduced Visibility . . . 6-7
LAAS and WAAS Implementation . . . . . . . . .6-7
Reducing En Route Congestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
Matching Airspace Design to Demands . . . . . . . .6-8
Reducing Voice Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-8
Aircraft Communications Addressing and
Reporting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
Automatic Dependent
Surveillance-Broadcast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
Reducing Vertical Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
Reducing Horizontal Separation . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
Direct Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-10
Accommodating User Preferred Routing . . . . .6-12
Improving Access to Special Use Airspace . . . .6-12
Handling En Route Severe Weather . . . . . . . . . .6-12
National Route Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13
Developing Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-13
Chapter 7 — Helicopter Instrument
Procedures
Helicopter IFR Certification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Flight and Navigation Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-1
Miscellaneous Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-2
Stabilization and Automatic Flight Control System .7-2
Helicopter Flight Manual Limitations . . . . . . . . . . .7-3
Operations Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-4
Minimum Equipment List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Pilot Proficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-5
Helicopter VFR Minimums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-6
Helicopter IFR Takeoff Minimums . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-7
Helicopter IFR Alternates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8
Part 91 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8
Part 135 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-8
Helicopter Instrument Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9
Standard Instrument Approach Procedures to an
Airport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-9
Copter Only Approaches to an Airport
or Heliport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-10
Copter GPS Approaches to an Airport
or Heliport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-11
Helicopter Approaches to VFR Heliports . . . . . . 7-14
Approach to a Point-in-Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14
Approach to a Specific VFR Heliport . . . . . . . . . . .7-16
Inadvertent IMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-17
IFR Heliports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-18
VII
VIII
Appendix A — Airborne Navigation
Databases
Evolution of Airborne Navigation Databases . . . . . A-1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-1
Database Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2
Production and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2
The Role of the Database Provider . . . . . . . . .A-2
Relationship Between EFB and
FMS Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-2
The Role of the Avionics Manufacturer . . . . .A-3
Users Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-3
Composition of Airborne Navigation Databases . . .A-4
The WGS-84 Reference Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4
ARINC 424 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5
Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5
Fix Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5
Simple Route Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-6
Complex Route Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-7
Miscellaneous Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-7
The Path/Terminator Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-7
Operational Limitations of Airborne Navigation
Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Reliance on Navigation Automation . . . . . . . . .A-10
Storage Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Path/Terminator Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Charting/Database Inconsistencies . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-11
Issues Related to Magnetic Variation . . . . . .A-12
Issues Related to Revision Cycle . . . . . . . . .A-13
Evolution of RNAV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-14
Appendix B — Staying Within Protected
Airspace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Appendix C — Acronyms and Glossary . . C-1
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

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