Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Manual – PDF DOWNLOAD

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Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Manual – PDF DOWNLOAD

DESCRIPTION:

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Manual – PDF DOWNLOAD

Preface :

The development of internal combustion engine automobiles is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology. However, the highly developed automotive industry and the increasingly large number of automobiles in use around the world are causing serious problems for the environment and hydrocarbon resources. The deteriorating air quality, global warming issues, and depleting petroleum resources are becoming serious threats to modern life.

• Progressively more rigorous emissions and fuel efficiency standards are stimulating the aggressive development of safer, cleaner, and more efficient vehicles. It is now well recognized that electric, hybrid electric, and fuel-cellpowered drive train technologies are the most promising vehicle solutions for the foreseeable future.
• To meet this challenge, an increasing number of engineering schools, in the United States and around the world, have initiated academic programs in advanced energy and vehicle technologies at the undergraduate and graduate levels.
• We started our first graduate course, in 1998, on “Advanced Vehicle Technologies—Design Methodology of Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles” for students in mechanical and electrical engineering at Texas A&M University. While preparing the lectures for this course, we found that although there is a wealth of information in the form of technical papers and reports, there was no rigorous and comprehensive textbook for students and professors who may wish to offer such a course.
• Furthermore, practicing engineers also needed a systematic reference book to fully understand the essentials of this new technology. The first edition of this book was our attempt to fill this need. The second edition introduces newer topics and deeper treatments than the first edition.

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles Manual – PDF DOWNLOAD

Preface xv
Authors xix
1 Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation 1
1 1 Air Pollution 1
1 1 1 Nitrogen Oxides 2
1 1 2 Carbon Monoxide 2
1 1 3 Unburned HCs 3
1 1 4 Other Pollutants 3
1 2 GlobalWarming 3
1 3 Petroleum Resources 5
1 4 Induced Costs 8
1 5 Importance of Different Transportation
Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply 9
1 6 History of EVs 12
1 7 History of HEVs 14
1 8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles 17
References 18
2 Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Brake 19
2 1 General Description of Vehicle Movement 19
2 2 Vehicle Resistance 20
2 2 1 Rolling Resistance 20
2 2 2 Aerodynamic Drag 23
2 2 3 Grading Resistance 24
2 3 Dynamic Equation 26
2 4 Tire–Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort 28
2 5 Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed 30
2 6 Vehicle Power Plant and Transmission Characteristics 32
2 6 1 Power Plant Characteristics 32
2 6 2 Transmission Characteristics 35
2 6 3 Manual Gear Transmission 35
2 6 3 1 Hydrodynamic Transmission 38
2 6 3 2 Continuously Variable Transmission 42
2 7 Vehicle Performance 43
2 7 1 Maximum Speed of a Vehicle 43
2 7 2 Gradeability 44
2 7 3 Acceleration Performance 45
v
vi Contents
2 8 Operating Fuel Economy 48
2 8 1 Fuel Economy Characteristics of IC Engines 48
2 8 2 Computation of Vehicle Fuel Economy 49
2 8 3 Basic Techniques to Improve Vehicle Fuel Economy 51
2 9 Brake Performance 53
2 9 1 Braking Force 53
2 9 2 Braking Distribution on Front and Rear Axles 55
2 9 3 Braking Regulation and Braking
Performance Analysis 61
2 9 3 1 Braking Regulation 61
2 9 3 2 Braking Performance Analysis 62
References 65
3 Internal Combustion Engines 67
3 1 4S, Spark-Ignited IC Engines 67
3 1 1 Operating Principles 67
3 1 2 Operation Parameters 69
3 1 2 1 Rating Values of Engines 69
3 1 2 2 Indicated Work per Cycles and Mean
Effective Pressure 69
3 1 2 3 Mechanical Efficiency 71
3 1 2 4 Specific Fuel Consumption and Efficiency 72
3 1 2 5 Specific Emissions 73
3 1 2 6 Fuel/Air and Air/Fuel Ratios 73
3 1 2 7 Volumetric Efficiency 74
3 1 3 Relationships between Operation
and Performance Parameters 75
3 1 4 Engine Operation Characteristics 76
3 1 4 1 Engine Performance Parameters 76
3 1 4 2 Indicated and Brake Power and Torque 77
3 1 4 3 Fuel Consumption Characteristics 78
3 1 5 Design and Operating Variables Affecting
SI Engine Performance, Efficiency, and Emission
Characteristics 78
3 1 5 1 Compression Ratio 79
3 1 5 2 Spark Timing 80
3 1 5 3 Fuel/Air Equivalent Ratio 82
3 1 6 Emission Control 84
3 1 7 Basic Techniques for Improving Engine Performance,
Efficiency, and Emissions 85
3 1 7 1 Forced Induction 85
3 1 7 2 Gasoline Direct Injection
and Lean-Burn Engines 86
3 1 7 3 Multi- and Variable-Valve Timing 86
3 1 7 4 Throttle-Less Torque Control 87
3 1 7 5 Variable Compression Ratio 87
Contents vii
3 1 7 6 Exhaust Gas Recirculation 87
3 1 7 7 Intelligent Ignition 87
3 1 7 8 New Engine Materials 87
3 2 4S, Compression-Ignition IC Engines 88
3 3 2S Engines 89
3 4 Wankel Rotary Engines 93
3 5 Stirling Engines 95
3 6 Gas Turbine Engines 100
3 7 Quasi-Isothermal Brayton Cycle Engines 103
References 104
4 Electric Vehicles 105
4 1 Configurations of EVs 105
4 2 Performance of EVs 108
4 2 1 Traction Motor Characteristics 108
4 2 2 Tractive Effort and Transmission Requirement 109
4 2 3 Vehicle Performance 112
4 3 Tractive Effort in Normal Driving 115
4 4 Energy Consumption 120
References 122
5 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 123
5 1 Concept of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains 123
5 2 Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drive Trains 126
5 2 1 Series Hybrid Electric Drive Trains
(Electrical Coupling) 128
5 2 2 Parallel Hybrid Electric Drive Trains
(Mechanical Coupling) 130
5 2 2 1 Parallel Hybrid Drive Train with Torque
Coupling 132
5 2 2 2 Parallel Hybrid Drive Train with Speed
Coupling 138
5 2 2 3 Hybrid Drive Trains with Both Torque
and Speed Coupling 144
References 149
6 Electric Propulsion Systems 151
6 1 DC Motor Drives 154
6 1 1 Principle of Operation and Performance 154
6 1 2 Combined Armature Voltage and Field Control 158
6 1 3 Chopper Control of DC Motors 158
6 1 4 Multi-Quadrant Control of Chopper-Fed DC
Motor Drives 163
6 1 4 1 Two-Quadrant Control of Forward Motoring
and Regenerative Braking 164
6 1 4 2 Four-Quadrant Operation 167
viii Contents
6 2 Induction Motor Drives 168
6 2 1 Basic Operation Principles of Induction Motors 169
6 2 2 Steady-State Performance 172
6 2 3 Constant Volt/Hertz Control 174
6 2 4 Power Electronic Control 176
6 2 5 Field Orientation Control 179
6 2 5 1 Field Orientation Principles 179
6 2 5 2 Control 187
6 2 5 3 Direction Rotor Flux Orientation Scheme 189
6 2 5 4 Indirect Rotor Flux Orientation Scheme 192
6 2 6 Voltage Source Inverter for FOC 193
6 2 6 1 Voltage Control in Voltage Source Inverter 195
6 2 6 2 Current Control in Voltage Source Inverter 198
6 3 Permanent Magnetic BLDC Motor Drives 200
6 3 1 Basic Principles of BLDC Motor Drives 203
6 3 2 BLDC Machine Construction and Classification 203
6 3 3 Properties of PM Materials 205
6 3 3 1 Alnico 206
6 3 3 2 Ferrites 208
6 3 3 3 Rare-Earth PMs 208
6 3 4 Performance Analysis and Control
of BLDC Machines 208
6 3 4 1 Performance Analysis 209
6 3 4 2 Control of BLDC Motor Drives 211
6 3 5 Extend Speed Technology 213
6 3 6 Sensorless Techniques 213
6 3 6 1 Methods Using Measurables and Math 214
6 3 6 2 Methods Using Observers 215
6 3 6 3 Methods Using Back EMF Sensing 215
6 3 6 4 Unique Sensorless Techniques 216
6 4 SRM Drives 217
6 4 1 Basic Magnetic Structure 218
6 4 2 Torque Production 222
6 4 3 SRM Drive Converter 224
6 4 4 Modes of Operation 226
6 4 5 Generating Mode of Operation
(Regenerative Braking) 227
6 4 6 Sensorless Control 230
6 4 6 1 Phase Flux Linkage-Based Method 231
6 4 6 2 Phase Inductance-Based Method 232
6 4 6 3 Modulated Signal Injection Methods 233
6 4 6 4 Mutual-Induced Voltage-Based Method 236
6 4 6 5 Observer-Based Methods 236
6 4 7 Self-Tuning Techniques of SRM Drives 236
Contents ix
6 4 7 1 Self-Tuning with Arithmetic Method 237
6 4 7 2 Self-Tuning Using an ANN 238
6 4 8 Vibration and Acoustic Noise in SRM 240
6 4 9 SRM Design 243
6 4 9 1 Number of Stator and Rotor Poles 243
6 4 9 2 Stator Outer Diameter 244
6 4 9 3 Rotor Outer Diameter 244
6 4 9 4 Air Gap 245
6 4 9 5 Stator Arc 245
6 4 9 6 Stator Back Iron 245
6 4 9 7 Performance Prediction 246
References 247
7 Design Principle of Series (Electrical Coupling)
Hybrid Electric Drive Train 253
7 1 Operation Patterns 254
7 2 Control Strategies 256
7 2 1 Max SOC-of-PPS Control Strategy 256
7 2 2 Engine On–Off or Thermostat Control Strategy 257
7 3 Design Principles of a Series (Electrical Coupling)
Hybrid Drive Train 259
7 3 1 Electrical Coupling Device 259
7 3 2 Power Rating Design of the Traction Motor 264
7 3 3 Power Rating Design of the Engine/Generator 267
7 3 4 Design of PPS 270
7 3 4 1 Power Capacity of PPS 271
7 3 4 2 Energy Capacity of PPS 271
7 4 Design Example 272
7 4 1 Design of Traction Motor Size 272
7 4 2 Design of the Gear Ratio 272
7 4 3 Verification of Acceleration Performance 273
7 4 4 Verification of Gradeability 274
7 4 5 Design of Engine/Generator Size 275
7 4 6 Design of the Power Capacity of PPS 277
7 4 7 Design of the Energy Capacity of PPS 277
7 4 8 Fuel Consumption 279
References 279
8 Parallel (Mechanically Coupled) Hybrid
Electric Drive Train Design 281
8 1 Drive Train Configuration and Design Objectives 281
8 2 Control Strategies 283
8 2 1 Max SOC-of-PPS Control Strategy 284
8 2 2 Engine On–Off (Thermostat) Control Strategy 287
8 2 3 Constrained Engine On–Off Control Strategy 288
x Contents
8 2 4 Fuzzy Logic Control Technique 290
8 2 5 Dynamic Programming Technique 292
8 3 Parametric Design of a Drive Train 295
8 3 1 Engine Power Design 295
8 3 2 Transmission Design 298
8 3 3 Electric Motor Drive Power Design 299
8 3 4 PPS Design 302
8 4 Simulations 305
References 307
9 Design and Control Methodology of Series–Parallel
(Torque and Speed Coupling) Hybrid Drive Train 309
9 1 Drive Train Configuration 309
9 1 1 Speed-Coupling Analysis 309
9 1 2 Drive Train Configuration 313
9 2 Drive Train Control Methodology 320
9 2 1 Control System 320
9 2 2 Engine Speed Control Approach 320
9 2 3 Traction Torque Control Approach 321
9 2 4 Drive Train Control Strategies 323
9 2 4 1 Engine Speed Control Strategy 323
9 2 4 2 Traction Torque Control Strategy 325
9 2 4 3 Regenerative Braking Control 328
9 3 Drive Train Parameters Design 328
9 4 Simulation of an Example Vehicle 329
References 332
10 Design and Control Principles of Plug-In
Hybrid Electric Vehicles 333
10 1 Statistics of Daily Driving Distance 333
10 2 Energy Management Strategy 335
10 2 1 AER-Focused Control Strategy 335
10 2 2 Blended Control Strategy 341
10 3 Energy Storage Design 346
References 351
11 Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design 353
11 1 Energy Consumed in Braking and Transmission 353
11 2 Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train 355
11 2 1 Configuration 355
11 2 2 Operating Modes and Control Strategy 355
11 2 3 Drive Train Design 356
11 2 4 Performance 360
11 3 Series–Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drive Train 365
Contents xi
11 3 1 Configuration of the Drive Train
with a Planetary Gear Unit 365
11 3 2 Operating Modes and Control 367
11 3 2 1 Speed-Coupling Operating Mode 367
11 3 2 2 Torque-Coupling Operating Mode 368
11 3 2 3 Engine-Alone Traction Mode 369
11 3 2 4 Motor-Alone Traction Mode 369
11 3 2 5 Regenerative Braking Mode 370
11 3 2 6 Engine Starting 370
11 3 3 Control Strategy 370
11 3 4 Drive Train with a Floating-Stator Motor 371
References 372
12 Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storages 375
12 1 Electrochemical Batteries 375
12 1 1 Electrochemical Reactions 378
12 1 2 Thermodynamic Voltage 379
12 1 3 Specific Energy 380
12 1 4 Specific Power 382
12 1 5 Energy Efficiency 384
12 1 6 Battery Technologies 385
12 1 6 1 Lead–Acid Battery 385
12 1 6 2 Nickel-Based Batteries 386
12 1 6 3 Lithium-Based Batteries 388
12 2 Ultracapacitors 390
12 2 1 Features of Ultracapacitors 390
12 2 2 Basic Principles of Ultracapacitors 391
12 2 3 Performance of Ultracapacitors 392
12 2 4 Ultracapacitor Technologies 396
12 3 Ultra-High-Speed Flywheels 397
12 3 1 Operation Principles of Flywheels 397
12 3 2 Power Capacity of Flywheel Systems 400
12 3 3 Flywheel Technologies 402
12 4 Hybridization of Energy Storages 404
12 4 1 Concept of Hybrid Energy Storage 404
12 4 2 Passive and Active Hybrid Energy Storage with
Battery and Ultracapacitor 404
12 4 3 Battery and Ultracapacitor Size Design 406
References 410
13 Fundamentals of Regenerative Breaking 411
13 1 Braking Energy Consumed in Urban Driving 411
13 2 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Speed 413
13 3 Braking Energy versus Braking Power 416
13 4 Braking Power versus Vehicle Speed 416
xii Contents
13 5 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Deceleration Rate 417
13 6 Braking Energy on Front and Rear Axles 419
13 7 Brake System of EV, HEV, and FCV 420
13 7 1 Parallel Hybrid Braking System 420
13 7 1 1 Design and Control Principles with Fixed
Ratios between Electric and Mechanical
Braking Forces 420
13 7 1 2 Design and Control Principles for Maximum
Regenerative Braking 422
13 7 2 Fully Controllable Hybrid Brake System 426
13 7 2 1 Control Strategy for Optimal Braking
Performance 427
13 7 2 2 Control Strategy for Optimal Energy
Recovery 429
References 431
14 Fuel Cells 433
14 1 Operating Principles of Fuel Cells 433
14 2 Electrode Potential and Current–Voltage Curve 437
14 3 Fuel and Oxidant Consumption 440
14 4 Fuel Cell System Characteristics 441
14 5 Fuel Cell Technologies 443
14 5 1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 443
14 5 2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 444
14 5 3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 446
14 5 4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells 447
14 5 5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 448
14 5 6 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 449
14 6 Fuel Supply 450
14 6 1 Hydrogen Storage 450
14 6 1 1 Compressed Hydrogen 450
14 6 1 2 Cryogenic Liquid Hydrogen 452
14 6 1 3 Metal Hydrides 453
14 6 2 Hydrogen Production 454
14 6 2 1 Steam Reforming 454
14 6 2 2 POX Reforming 455
14 6 2 3 Autothermal Reforming 456
14 6 3 Ammonia as Hydrogen Carrier 457
14 7 Non-Hydrogen Fuel Cells 457
References 458
15 Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drive Train Design 459
15 1 Configuration 459
15 2 Control Strategy 461
15 3 Parametric Design 463
Contents xiii
15 3 1 Motor Power Design 463
15 3 2 Power Design of the Fuel Cell System 464
15 3 3 Design of the Power and Energy Capacity
of the PPS 465
15 3 3 1 Power Capacity of the PPS 465
15 3 3 2 Energy Capacity of the PPS 465
15 4 Design Example 466
References 469
16 Design of Series Hybrid Drive Train for Off-Road Vehicles 471
16 1 Motion Resistance 471
16 1 1 Motion Resistance Caused by Terrain Compaction 472
16 1 2 Motion Resistance Caused by Terrain Bulldozing 475
16 1 3 Internal Resistance of the Running Gear 476
16 1 4 Tractive Effort of a Terrain 476
16 1 5 Drawbar Pull 477
16 2 Tracked Series Hybrid Vehicle Drive Train Architecture 478
16 3 Parametric Design of the Drive Train 479
16 3 1 Traction Motor Power Design 480
16 3 1 1 Vehicle Thrust versus Speed 480
16 3 1 2 Motor Power and Acceleration
Performance 481
16 3 1 3 Motor Power and Gradeability 482
16 3 1 4 Steering Maneuver of a Tracked Vehicle 485
16 4 Engine/Generator Power Design 489
16 5 Power and Energy Design of Energy Storage 490
16 5 1 Peaking Power for Traction 491
16 5 2 Peaking Power for Nontraction 491
16 5 3 Energy Design of Batteries/Ultracapacitors 494
16 5 4 Combination of Batteries and Ultracapacitors 494
References 496
Appendix Technical Overview of Toyota Prius 499
A 1 Vehicle Performance 499
A 2 Overview of Prius Hybrid Power Train
and Control Systems 499
A 3 Major Components 501
A 3 1 Engine 501
A 3 2 Hybrid Transaxle 501
A 3 3 HV Battery 502
A 3 4 Inverter Assembly 506
A 3 4 1 Booster Converter (2004 and Later) 506
A 3 4 2 Inverter 506
A 3 4 3 DC–DC Converter 507
A 3 4 4 AC Inverter 507
xiv Contents
A 3 5 Brake System 507
A 3 5 1 Regenerative Brake Cooperative
Control 509
A 3 5 2 Electronic Brake Distribution Control
(2004 and Later Models) 509
A 3 5 3 Brake Assist System (2004 and Later
Models) 510
A 3 6 Electric Power Steering 510
A 3 7 Enhanced Vehicle Stability Control (VSC)
System (2004 and Later Prius) 512
A 4 Hybrid System Control Modes 512
Index 519

MODERN ELECTRIC, HYBRID ELECTRIC, AND FUEL CELL VEHICLES MANUAL – PDF DOWNLOAD:

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